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Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org) is a "copyleft" encyclopedia that is collaboratively developed using wiki software. Wikipedia is managed and operated by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. In addition to standard "encyclopedic" knowledge, Wikipedia includes information more often associated with almanacs and gazetteers, as well as coverage of current events.
All original material contributed to Wikipedia is deemed to be free content under the GNU Free Documentation License, meaning that it may be freely used, freely edited, freely copied and freely redistributed subject to the restrictions of that license.
Wikipedia's content is created by its users. Pages are always subject to editing, so no article is ever finished. As such, Wikipedia is subject to some unique "hardships" [1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great). It has "self-healing" systems in place to deal with these challenges, and even a page designed to explain them [2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections).
Wikipedia began as an English language project on January 15, 2001, and soon gained its first other language, French, on March 23, 2001. There has since been a great deal of effort devoted to making it multilingual, and it currently contains over 350,000 articles in English and over 650,000 in other languages (as of September 2004 [3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics)).
On September 20, 2004, Wikipedia announced one million articles (http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/PR-1mil-US) in one hundred languages.
History
Wikipedia has been in operation since January 10, 2001. It was created as an editor-free offshoot of Nupedia, a free encyclopedia project founded by Jimmy Wales (CEO of Bomis, Inc., a small Internet company). Larry Sanger was employed by Wales to work on Nupedia as the editor-in-chief and later worked on Wikipedia, and was closely involved in setting up the project and establishing the policy framework. He had considerable influence on the direction of the project during his tenure, until he left the project in February 2002. Wales remains actively involved to this day, contributing both time and money, and is a board member of the Wikimedia Foundation which now oversees the project. There is no editor-in-chief, as such, and no paid employees. Instead, the project relies on the contributions of many thousands of volunteers (referred to as Wikipedians).
For a more detailed history of the project, see History of Wikipedia.
Antecedents
The idea of collecting all of the world's knowledge under a single roof goes back to the ancient Library of Alexandria and Pergamon. The modern notion of the general purpose, widely distributed, printed encyclopedia dates from shortly before Denis Diderot and the 18th century encyclopedists.
The idea of using automated machinery beyond the printing press to build a more useful encyclopedia can be traced to H. G. Wells' short story World Brain (1937) and Vannevar Bush's future vision of the microfilm based Memex in As We May Think (1945). An important milestone along this path is also Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu (1960).
With the development of the Internet, many people attempted to develop Internet encyclopedia projects. Free software exponent Richard Stallman articulated the usefulness of a "Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource" in 1999. He described Wikipedia's formation as "exciting news", and his Free Software Foundation encourages people "to visit and contribute to the site".
Essential characteristics
There are three essential characteristics of the Wikipedia project, which together define its niche on the World Wide Web:
- It is, or aims to become, primarily an encyclopedia.
- It is a wiki, in that it can be edited by anyone (except for banned users, and excluding protected pages).
- It is open content, and uses the copyleft GNU Free Documentation License.
- If you wish to become a Wikipedia contributor, please take a look at the page entitled Welcome, newcomers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome%2C_newcomers)
Vandalism
One pertinent issue on Wikipedia is "vandalism": silly or offensive edits of the site's articles. For example, Sarah Lane, presenter of "Sarah's Blog Report", part of The Screen Savers TV program on TechTV, "vandalized" the Wikipedia page on monkeypox live on air [4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Monkeypox&diff=1028814&oldid=1028793) - leading to a surge of vandalism on that page by viewers of the TV show. Lane later wrote that: "Although this excites me in its ease and simplicity, it's a little frightening. I mean, what if I had instead written 'My boss is a big fat **** and his phone number is ****'? Sure, somebody would delete it, but this calls for some seriously dedicated moderators." [5] (http://web.archive.org/web/20030814003517/www.techtv.com/screensavers/answerstips/jump/0,24331,3463497,00.html)
"Because Wikipedia is a radically free, open project, it attracts an anarchistic element," Larry Sanger admitted to Wired News. "Fortunately, most of us are willing to take a definite stand against vandalism ... and to get rid of it instantly." [6] (http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,57364,00.html)
According to a Wall Street Journal article from February 2004, researchers have found that there are frequent instances of vandalism at Wikipedia, but that these are often quickly resolved:
- "Recent research by a team from IBM found that most vandalism suffered by Wikipedia had been repaired within five minutes. 'We were surprised at how often we found vandalism, and then surprised again at how fast it was fixed,' says Martin Wattenberg, a researcher in the IBM TJ Watson Research Center, in Cambridge, Mass." [7] (http://www.research.ibm.com/history/results.htm)
Policies
Wikipedia's participants (Wikipedians) commonly follow, and enforce, a few basic policies.
- Because there are a huge variety of participants of all ideologies and nationalities Wikipedia is committed to making its articles as unbiased as possible. There has been criticism that the systemic bias of individual participants can color the neutrality of an article - see "Neutral Point Of View", below. However, the aim is not to write articles from a single objective point of view — this is a common misunderstanding of the policy — but rather, to fairly present all views on an issue, attributed to their adherents in a neutral way. Of course, establishing a consensus on what views should be thus attributed can often require much (sometimes heated) discussion and debate.
- There are a number of article naming conventions; for example, when several names exist, the most common one in the respective Wikipedia language is preferred.
- Wikipedians use "talk" pages or other "out of band" methods to discuss changes to articles, rather than discussing the changes within the articles themselves. This marked a break from other wikis of the time, such as Ward Cunningham's WikiWiki.
- There are a number of kinds of entries which are generally discouraged, because they do not, strictly speaking, constitute encyclopedia articles. For example, Wikipedia entries are not dictionary definitions, and the wholesale addition of source material such as the text of laws and speeches is generally frowned upon. (However, some of Wikipedia's sister projects, such as Wiktionary and Wikisource, are designed to be repositories for many alternative forms of reference material that do not fit well into Wikipedia.)
- There are a variety of sometimes contradictory rules, guidelines, policies, and common practices that have been proposed and which have varying amounts of support within the Wikipedia community. When these proposed rules are violated, the community decides on a case-by-case basis whether they should be more strictly enforced or not.
Neutral point of view
Wikipedia is grounded in the idea that all of its articles need to be written from a neutral point of view. The neutral point of view attempts to present ideas and facts in such a fashion that both supporters and opponents can agree. Of course, 100% agreement is not possible; there are ideologues in the world who will not concede to any presentation other than a forceful statement of their own point of view. But Wikipedia seeks a type of writing that is agreeable to essentially rational people who may differ on particular points. According to Jimbo Wales:
- Perhaps the easiest way to make your writing more encyclopedic, is to write about what people believe, rather than what is so. If this strikes you as somehow subjectivist or collectivist or imperialist, then ask me about it, because I think that you are just mistaken. What people believe is a matter of objective fact, and we can present that quite easily from the neutral point of view.
The neutral point of view policy states that one should write articles without bias, representing all views fairly. However, like all collaborative projects, Wikipedia has a built-in bias derived from the demographic make-up of its participants. In Wikipedia's case, this manifests itself in a tendency for contributors to create articles that relate to the interests of computer-literate white-collar North Americans and Europeans. An example of this effect can be seen by comparing the large article on Babylon 5 (an American science fiction television series) to the article on the Congo Civil War which, despite being possibly the largest conflict since World War II, contains much less information.
This bias has few defenders on Wikipedia. The presence of articles written from an exclusively U.S. point of view is largely a reflection of the fact that there are many Americans working on the project, which in turn is merely a reflection of the fact that so many Americans are online. This is an ongoing problem that can be corrected by active collaboration from people outside of the United States, of whom there are many.
Software and hardware
Nine servers in a rack in
Florida deliver Wikipedia to the world.
The software that originally ran Wikipedia was UseModWiki, written by Clifford Adams ("Phase I"). At first it required CamelCase for links; soon it was also possible to use the current linking method with double brackets. In January 2002, Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine, which used an underlying MySQL database, added many features (and abolished the behaviour of CamelCase words automatically becoming links), and was specifically written for the Wikipedia project by Magnus Manske ("Phase II"). After a while, the site started to slow down to such an extent that editing became almost impossible. Several rounds of modifications to the software provided only temporary relief. Then Lee Daniel Crocker rewrote the software from scratch. The new version, a major improvement, has been running since July 2002. This "Phase III" software is now called MediaWiki, and is used by many other wiki projects. Brion Vibber has since taken the lead in fixing bugs and tuning the database for performance.
In late 2003, server outages began to seriously diminish the productivity of Wikipedia contributors. Many reported difficulty editing articles as a result of time-outs and severe slowness. This was due to congestion on the single server that was running all the Wikipedias at the time.
As of June 2004, the project runs on nine dedicated servers, located in Florida. This new configuration includes a single database server and four web servers, all running Fedora Core. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Cached requests are served by two Squid servers; the new servers are linked via two file system NFS servers (one primary and one backup — the primary NFS server is currently also the email server).
Sister projects
Wikipedia has the following sister projects:
- Wiktionary, a free dictionary project
- Wikibooks, a free textbook project
- Wikiquote, a free encyclopedia of quotations
- Wikisource, a repository of source texts in any language which are either in the public domain or are released under the GFDL
There are many other conceptually related projects, including Wikitravel.
In February 2002, most participants of the Spanish Wikipedia didn't agree with the march of the project and broke away to establish the Enciclopedia Libre.
Downloading the database
Anyone who wishes to use Wikipedia's open content may at any time download a nearly-current version of the entire article database to use for any purpose, within the terms of the GFDL. [8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download)
A number of sites, such as Wikinfo, wordiq (http://wordiq.com), thefreedictionary.com, 4reference (http://4reference.net) and nationmaster (http://nationmaster.com) have used this to mirror or fork Wikipedia's content.
Awards and nominations
2004
External links
Related sites
Essays
Reviews, endorsements, and discussion of Wikipedia
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YU HWANG WU
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2007-11-15 17:37:23
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YU HWANG WU
Famous Korean language lecturer that has achieved alot in his past years. Since that time, Mr Yu has gained many credentials that has boosted his image as a Korean language lecturer.
September 17, 1966 Republic of south Korea in Busan three sons and a daughters thirdly born.
Busan, in 1979 graduated from elementary school into the Seongseo, Busan Seongdong middle school, graduated from Baejeong high school.
1993 'modern Seoul area of mutual linguistic research conducted' master's degree Kookmin University Graduate School of Education, the Korean Language Education graduated.
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