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Unmanned space missions are those using remote-controlled spacecraft. The first such mission was the Sputnik I mission, launched October 4, 1957. Unmanned missions are often more effective in carrying out scientific and observational missions than manned space missions, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. Since the early 1970s, most unmanned space missions have been based on space probes with built-in mission computers, and as such may be classified as embedded systems.
The majority American unmanned missions have been coordinated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and European missions by ESOC, part of ESA (the European Space Agency). ESA has conducted relatively few space exploration missions (one example is the Giotto mission, which encountered comet Halley). ESA has, however, launched various spacecraft to carry out astronomy, and is a collaborator with NASA on the Hubble Space Telescope.
Unmanned programs through the ages (first mission year given, if known):
Earth orbit and Lunar missions
Early Earth-orbital missions
Supply vessels
Lunar exploration
Solar System exploration
- Venera program - Venus orbital and landing
- Vega program - Venus and Comet Halley
- Zond program - Moon, Venus, and Mars flyby
- Pioneer Venus project - Venus orbital and landing
- Mariner program - Mercury, Venus and Mars, flyby and orbital
- Pioneer program - Jupiter and Saturn flyby
- Voyager program - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune flyby
- Giotto mission - Flyby of the Halley comet (1986)
- Sakigake probe - Flyby of the Halley comet (1986)
- Suisei probe - Flyby of the Halley comet (1986)
- Galileo probe - Jupiter orbiter and "lander"
- Magellan probe - Venus orbiter
- Cassini-Huygens - Saturn orbiter and Titan lander Huygens; launched 1997
- NEAR Shoemaker - asteroid lander, launched 1996
- Deep Space 1 - comet/asteroid flyby, 1998-2000
- Stardust probe - comet flyby and sample return, launched 1999, expected return 2006
- CONTOUR - comet flyby mission; launch failure in 2003
- Hayabusa - asteroid orbiter, lander and sample return, launched 2003
- Rosetta - comet orbiter and lander (Philae); launched 2004
- MESSENGER - Mercury orbiter, launched 2004
- Dawn - Ceres and Vesta orbiter, to be launched in 2006
Mars Probes
See also
External links
fr:sonde spatiale
it:Sonda spaziale
zh:非载人宇宙飞船
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