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The Ukrainian Alphabet (Українська азбука, Ukrains’ka azbuka or абетка, abetka in Ukrainian) is used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. It is a version of the Cyrillic writing system, developed from the early Cyrillic alphabet at the end of the first millenium.
The Ukrainian Alphabet
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Е е | Є є | Ж ж | З з | И и
|
| І і | Ї ї | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с
|
| Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ю ю | Я я | Ь ь
|
Ukrainian is sometimes Romanized, or written using the Latin alphabet, for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. See romanization of Ukrainian for details of specific romanization systems.
Letter names and pronunciation
Letters and symbols of the Ukrainian alphabet
| Capital | Small | Name | IPA | X-SAMPA | Notes
|
| А | а | а /ʌ/ | /ʌ/ | /V/ |
|
| Б | б | бе /be/ | /b/ | /b/ |
|
| В | в | ве /ve/ | /v/, /w/ | /v/, /w/ |
|
| Г | г | ге /ɦe/ | /ɦ/ | /h\/ |
|
| Ґ | ґ | ґе /ge/ | /g/ | /g/ | not officially used in Soviet Ukraine; missing from some encodings and fonts
|
| Д | д | де /de/ | /d/ | /d/ |
|
| Е | е | е /e/ | /e/ | /e/ |
|
| Є | є | є /je/ | /je/ | /je/ |
|
| Ж | ж | же /ʒe/ | /ʒ/ | /Z/ |
|
| З | з | зе /ze/ | /z/ | /z/ |
|
| И | и | и /ɪ/ | /ɪ/ | /I/ |
|
| І | і | і /i/ | /i/ | /i/ |
|
| Ї | ї | ї /ji/ | /ji/ | /ji/ |
|
| Й | й | й /ɪj/, йот /jot/ | /j/ | /j/ |
|
| К | к | ка /kʌ/ | /k/ | /k/ |
|
| Л | л | ел /el/ | /l/ | /l/ |
|
| М | м | ем /em/ | /m/ | /m/ |
|
| Н | н | ен /en/ | /n/ | /n/ |
|
| О | о | о /o/ | /o/ | /o/ |
|
| П | п | пе /pe/ | /p/ | /p/ |
|
| Р | р | ер /er/ | /r/ | /r/ |
|
| С | с | ес /es/ | /s/ | /s/ |
|
| Т | т | те /te/ | /t/ | /t/ |
|
| У | у | у /u/ | /u/ | /u/ |
|
| Ф | ф | еф /ef/ | /f/ | /f/ |
|
| Х | х | ха /xʌ/ | /x/ | /x/ |
|
| Ц | ц | це /ce/ | /c/ | /c/ |
|
| Ч | ч | че /ʧe/ | /ʧ/ | /tS/ |
|
| Ш | ш | ша /ʃʌ/ | /ʃ/ | /S/ |
|
| Щ | щ | ща /ʃʧʌ/ | /ʃʧ/ | /StS/ |
|
| Ю | ю | ю /ju/ | /ju/ | /ju/ |
|
| Я | я | я /jʌ/ | /jʌ/ | /jV/ |
|
| Ь | ь | м’ягкий знак
/mjʌxˈkɪj znak/ | /◌ʲ/ | /◌'/ or /◌_j/ | “soft sign”
|
| ’ | | апостроф
/ʌˈpos.trof/ | – | – | “apostrophe”
|
The Ukrainian alphabet is almost phonetic. Two distinct consonant sounds don't have dedicated letters, and are rendered using two letters: дз /ʣ/, and дж /ʤ/.
Also, certain consonants are softened (palatalized) when followed by certain vowels. Any of д, т, з, с, ц, л, н or дз is softened when followed by a "soft" vowel: я, є, і, ї, й, or ю.
The soft sign is not considered a letter, but used like a diacritic, modifying the preceding letter. It indicates the softening of a consonant, when the consonant is not followed by a softening vowel.
The apostrophe indicates that the consonant preceding a soft vowel is not palatalized.
Letter forms and typography
As in other Cyrillic alphabets, hand-written or cursive letters vary somewhat in form from their block-letter, or typeset upright, counterparts, particularly the letters г, д, и, й, and т.
Typographically, the small (lower-case) letters are very similar to small-caps versions of the capitals, although sophisticated faces may have a small-caps font which is different from the lower-case.
A Cyrillic type face (шрифт, shryft) doesn't technically have "roman" or "italic" fonts, but upright (прямий, priamyi) and cursive (курсивний, kursyvnyi).
Quoted text is surrounded by un-spaced guillemets (angle-quotes), or lower and upper quotation marks.
Ukrainian quotation marks
| Standard | Alternative
|
| Double | Single | Double | Single
|
| «цитата» | ‹цитата›
| „цитата‟ | ‚цитата‛
|
Reference: Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The elements of typographic style, version 2.5, pp. 262–264. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver. ISBN 0-88179-133-4
Encoding Ukrainian
There are various character encodings for representing Ukrainian with computers.
ISO 8859-5
ISO 8859-5 encoding is missing the letter ґ.
KOI8-U
KOI8-U stands for Код обміни інформації 8—український, "Code for exchange of information 8—Ukrainian", analogous to "ASCII". KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version of KOI8-R, which is suitable for Russian only.
Unicode
Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks of Unicode. The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions.
In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information.
Ukrainian letters in the Unicode Cyrillic block
| |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
|
400
| | Ѐ | Ё | Ђ | Ѓ | Є | Ѕ | І | Ї | Ј | Љ | Њ | Ћ | Ќ | Ѝ | Ў | Џ
|
410
| | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П
|
420
| | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я
|
430
| | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п
|
440
| | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я
|
450
| | ѐ | ё | ђ | ѓ | є | ѕ | і | ї | ј | љ | њ | ћ | ќ | ѝ | ў | џ
|
460
| | Ѡ | ѡ | Ѣ | ѣ | Ѥ | ѥ | Ѧ | ѧ | Ѩ | ѩ | Ѫ | ѫ | Ѭ | ѭ | Ѯ | ѯ
|
470
| | Ѱ | ѱ | Ѳ | ѳ | Ѵ | ѵ | Ѷ | ѷ | Ѹ | ѹ | Ѻ | ѻ | Ѽ | ѽ | Ѿ | ѿ
|
480
| | Ҁ | ҁ | ҂ | ҃ | ҄ | ҅ | ҆ | ҇ | ҈ | ҉ | Ҋ | ҋ | Ҍ | ҍ | Ҏ | ҏ
|
490
| | Ґ | ґ | Ғ | ғ | Ҕ | ҕ | Җ | җ | Ҙ | ҙ | Қ | қ | Ҝ | ҝ | Ҟ | ҟ
|
4A0
| | Ҡ | ҡ | Ң | ң | Ҥ | ҥ | Ҧ | ҧ | Ҩ | ҩ | Ҫ | ҫ | Ҭ | ҭ | Ү | ү
|
4B0
| | Ұ | ұ | Ҳ | ҳ | Ҵ | ҵ | Ҷ | ҷ | Ҹ | ҹ | Һ | һ | Ҽ | ҽ | Ҿ | ҿ
|
4C0
| | Ӏ | Ӂ | ӂ | Ӄ | ӄ | Ӆ | ӆ | Ӈ | ӈ | Ӊ | ӊ | Ӌ | ӌ | Ӎ | ӎ | ӏ
|
4D0
| | Ӑ | ӑ | Ӓ | ӓ | Ӕ | ӕ | Ӗ | ӗ | Ә | ә | Ӛ | ӛ | Ӝ | ӝ | Ӟ | ӟ
|
4E0
| | Ӡ | ӡ | Ӣ | ӣ | Ӥ | ӥ | Ӧ | ӧ | Ө | ө | Ӫ | ӫ | Ӭ | ӭ | Ӯ | ӯ
|
4F0
| | Ӱ | ӱ | Ӳ | ӳ | Ӵ | ӵ | Ӷ | ӷ | Ӹ | ӹ | Ӻ | ӻ | Ӽ | ӽ | Ӿ | ӿ
|
500
| | Ԁ | ԁ | Ԃ | ԃ | Ԅ | ԅ | Ԇ | ԇ | Ԉ | ԉ | Ԋ | ԋ | Ԍ | ԍ | Ԏ | ԏ
|
510
| | Ԑ | ԑ | Ԓ | ԓ | Ԕ | ԕ | Ԗ | ԗ | Ԙ | ԙ | Ԛ | ԛ | Ԝ | ԝ | Ԟ | ԟ
|
520
| | Ԡ | ԡ | Ԣ | ԣ | Ԥ | ԥ | Ԧ | ԧ | Ԩ | ԩ | Ԫ | ԫ | Ԭ | ԭ | Ԯ | ԯ
|
See also
External links
- The Cyrillic Charset Soup (http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html)—Roman Czyborra's site contains an exhaustive history of Cyrillic character set encoding schemes (site currently unavailable—archived copy at archive.org (http://web.archive.org/web/20030604080212/http%3A//czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html)).
de:Ukrainische_Sprache#Alphabet
ru:Украинский алфавит
uk:Українська абетка
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