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The Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of China (Japanese: 日華平和条約, Chinese: 中日和平條約), commonly known as the Treaty of Taipei as it was signed in Taipei, was a peace treaty between Japan and the Republic of China concluded on April 28, 1952. This treaty was necessary because neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China were invited to sign the Treaty of San Francisco over disagreements by other countries of which government was the legitimate government of China. Japan maintained relations with the ROC at the time and therefore concluded a peace treaty with the ROC.
The following passages in the Treaty suggested that Japan recognized that ROC sovereignty was limited to the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores:
- For the purposes of the present Treaty, nationals of the Republic of China shall be deemed to include all the inhabitants and former inhabitants of Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores) and their descendants who are of the Chinese nationality in accordance with the laws and regulations which have been or may hereafter be enforced by the Republic of China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores).
The Japanese delegate Isao Kawada further suggested this idea in the Exchange of Notes following the Treaty:
- In regard to the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of China signed this day, I have the honor to refer, on behalf of my Government, to the understanding reached between us that the terms of the present Treaty shall, in respect of the Republic of China, be applicable to all the territories which are now, or which may hereafter be, under the control of its Government.
Japan cancelled this treaty in 1972 upon establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. According to the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China, Japan understood and respected (but not necessarily recognized) the PRC position that Taiwan was part of the PRC.
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