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Sympatry is one of three theoretical models for the phenomenon of speciation. Essentially, in direct contrast to allopatry, species undergoing sympatric speciation are not geographically isolated by, for example, a mountain or a river. The individuals of the speciating populations, theoretically, may freely mingle among one another.
A number of models have been proposed to account for this mode of speciation. The most popular was first put forward by John Maynard Smith in 1962 - disruptive speciation. Smith suggested that heterozygous individuals may, under particular environmental conditions, have a greater fitness than those with alleles homozygous for a certain trait. Under the mechanism of natural selection, therefore, heterozygosity would be favoured over homozygosity, eventually leading to speciation.
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