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Being cleaned up - see Pharaoh/Temp
This article refers to the historical Pharaoh. For the Book of Abraham reference, see Pharaoh (Book of Abraham).
Pharaoh (פרעה, Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. (See History of Egypt and monarch.) The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words Pr-Aa, meaning "Great House". Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of this is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-18th dynasty, 1539-1292 BC), the Egyptian New Kingdom, and by the 22nd dynasty (c. 945-c. 730 BC) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as hm.f "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus. The official titulary of the king consisted of five separate names, each preceeded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt, and Son of Re. Egyptologists speak simply of the five names of the king: The Horus name; the nebty name; the golden Horus name; the Prenomen; and the Nomen. This last was given to the crown prince at birth; it was his "real" name. The other names were received at his coronation.
On the Egyptian royal titulary, interested non-specialists should refer to: Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
NB: the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate.
Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used.
Presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.
Archaic period
Predynastic: Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta.
Predynastic: Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts.
Fourth Dynasty
Fifth Dynasty
Sixth Dynasty
Seventh Dynasty
Eighth Dynasty
Ninth Dynasty
Tenth Dynasty
The X Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Upper Egypt.
Eleventh Dynasty
The XI Dynasty was a local group with roots in Lower Egypt.
Thirteenth Dynasty
Fourteenth Dynasty
The XIV Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris).
The source provides an additional 25 names, some fragmented, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
Fifteenth Dynasty
The XV Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region.
Sixteenth Dynasty
The XVI Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium).
Some sources include as many as six more names (Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III)) - none are attested to elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.
Seventeenth Dynasty
The XVII Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt.
High Priests of Amun at Thebes
While not regarded as a dynasty per se, these theocrats were nevertheless of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers of Upper Egypt.
Twenty-first Dynasty
Based at Tanis. A relatively weak group – theoretically rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt.
Twenty-second Dynasty
The pharaohs of the XXII Dynasty were Libyans.
Twenty-third Dynasty
The XXIII Dynasty was a local group, of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis.
The Libu
Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta for a time.
The XXIV was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais).
Nubians invaded and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the XXV Dynasty.
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).
Egypt was annexed to the Persian Empire between from 525 BC and till 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-Seventh" Dynasty.:
Thirtieth Dynasty
Persians and Greeks
- Egypt once more under Persian rule:
- A Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt under:
- A third Persian takeover:
- Macedon conquers Persia, and Egypt:
Rome
Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.
See also
External links
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