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National anthems)
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is formally recognized by a country's government as their state's official national song.
During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, with the rise of the national state, most countries adopted a national anthem, which in some cases coexists with other commonly sung patriotic songs. The oldest national anthem is Britain's God Save the Queen which was first performed in 1745 and became official in 1825.
As anthems first rose to prominence in Europe in the nineteenth century the style of music common then has continued to be used in almost every national anthem. Even in nations of Africa and Asia, where western orchestral music was a foreign notion, the national anthem is still usually in European style. Only a handful of non-European countries have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions, most notably Japan, with the oldest non-European anthem, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.
Some other countries have challenged the dominance of dated orchestral music. Most notably Australia, where although the official anthem is Advance Australia Fair (but only since 1984), much of the population considers Waltzing Matilda to be the nation's true national song.
The majority of national anthems are either marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America tend towards more operatic pieces, while a handful of countries use simple fanfare. Because of their brevity and need for relative simplicity, most national anthems are of little interest musically.
No anthem that is well known and well loved internationally was written by a famous composer. The French anthem La Marseillaise was written by the otherwise unknown Rouget de L'Isle; The Star-Spangled Banner by the otherwise unknown Englishman John Stafford Smith under the original title 'To Anacreon in Heaven'; and God Save the Queen was written by a composer whose identity to this day is not known with any certainty at all. While the music to the German anthem was written by Josef Haydn to the words Gott erhalte den Kaiser, it became notorious during the Nazi era as Deutschland, Deutschland, über Alles.
Amongst the very few countries to have an anthem written by a world renowned composer are: Austria, which uses a tune written by Mozart; Germany, which uses one by Joseph Haydn; and the Vatican City, whose anthem was written by Charles Gounod. Similarly, few anthems have been praised for having lyrics of great poetry.
National anthems are used in a wide array of contexts. Universally they are played on national holidays and festivals. They have also come to be closely connected to sporting events. At the Olympics the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony. National anthems are also played before games in many sports leagues. In some countries the national anthem is played to students each day at the start of school. In other countries the anthem is played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many television stations have adapted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in the morning and again when they sign off at night.
Many states also have unofficial anthems, and countries may also have royal anthems, presidential anthems, state anthems, or anthems for sub-national entities that are also officially recognized.
Larger entities also sometimes have anthems. The tune of the 'Ode to Joy' from Beethoven’s Symphony No 9 is the official anthem of the European Union; the United Nations and the African Union also have unofficial anthems.
See also: List of national anthems
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