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The concept of living machines represents a particularly interesting variant on intelligent machines, and has mostly been associated with water treatment systems that make use of natural bio-remediation processes such as wetlands to remove contaminants from sewage and other waste water sources.
The earliest living machines were developed and designed by John Todd [1] (http://www.enviroeducation.com/interviews/john-todd/) and Nancy Jack Todd [2] (http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC42/Todd.htm) of Ocean Arks International [3] (http://www.oceanarks.org), beginning in the 1990s.
In Context
In Context [4] (http://www.context.org/ICLIB/icintro.htm) was one of the first magazines to publish articles on living machines, with articles as early as 1993 [5] (http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC35/Guterson.htm), that have focused on the contribution of John and Nacy Jack Todd.
Living Machines, Inc.
Living Machines, Inc, [6] (http://www.livingmachines.com/) in Taos, New Mexico has registered Living Machines® as a trademark and is involved with the design, construction, and operation of innovative wastewater treatment facilities for communities, educational institutions, resorts, and industrial users.
Convergence of biology and technology
A more inclusive approach to living machines is offered in a February 2004 feature article on the subject in Wired Magazine (Issue 12-02) addressing the broader perspective that "Technology and biology are converging fast. The result will transform everything from engineering to art - and redefine life as we know it." [7] (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/machines_pr.html)
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