HALO HAHO

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HALO and HAHO are US military terms for methods of delivering personnel, equipment, and supplies from "high altitude" transport aircraft; via free-fall parachute insertion. HALO is an acronym for High Altitude-Low Opening, while HAHO stands for High Altitude-High Opening. HALO is also known as Military Free Fall (MFF).

Table of contents

1 Forms of insertion 1.1 HALO 1.1.1 Equipment or supplies delivering 1.1.2 Personnel delivery 1.1.3 Health risks 1.1.4 Typical equipment 1.2 HAHO 1.2.1 Team jump 2 List of HALO/HAHO capable military units 3 Related topics 4 External links 4.1 Books / Online Courses 4.2 Former HALO/HAHO paratroopers sites 4.3 Official military sites 5 References 5.1 Expert advises 5.2 Images 5.3 Works / Documents / Articles

Forms of insertion

The HALO technique is used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while the HAHO technique is generally used only for personnel. In a typical HALO/HAHO insertion, the airplane will fly at altitudes of up to 8,000m (26,000ft).

HALO

The HALO technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes when aircrafts can fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the load. [8] (https://hosta.atsc.eustis.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/accp/in0758/lsn3.htm) [1] (http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/h/02421.html)

Equipment or supplies delivering

For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is pulled from the aircraft by a stabilizing parachute. The load then proceeds to free-fall to a low altitude where a cargo parachute opens to allow a low-velocity landing. Military personnel will later move to the landing point in order to secure the equipment or to unpack the supplies. [9] (https://hosta.atsc.eustis.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/accp/in0758/lsn3.htm)

Personnel delivery

See also: SEAL Team SIX.

The origins of the HALO technique date back to US Military Involvement in Laos, when members of MACV-SOG performed the first high altitude combat jumps. SEAL Team SIX of the United States Navy expanded and expanded the HALO technique to incude delivery of boats and other large items in conjunction with parachutists. [2] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for around a minute, and open his parachute at a low altitude.

Health risks

See also: Hypoxia.

At high altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere, the oxygen quantities required for human respiration become thin. A typical HALO exercise will require the use of an oxygen mask, as the parachuter jumps from an altitude upwards of 12,000 feet. [3] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

This type of technique is dangerous to human health, as the lack of oxygen can lead to suffering hypoxia. Hypoxia may cause loss of consciousness, which in consequence puts the parachuter in a mortal risk situation, as he can suffer death from landing impact by not being capable of opening his own parachute. [4] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

Typical equipment

In a typical HALO exercise, a parachuter will jump with: [5] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

• an altimeter
• an automatic rip cord pulling device:
  • if the parachuter descends past a pre-set altitude, but hasn't opened his parachute yet, the device will read the air pressure and approximate the current altitude of the parachuter; if this approximation is less than the one pre-set, the device will open the parachute automatically.
• a knife
• a helmet
• a pair of gloves
• a pair of military free-fall boots (designed for ankle support)
• an oxygen bottle and mask (if jumping over 12,000 feet)
• a 50-100+ pound ALICE pack with combat gear

HAHO

The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircrafts can fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers.

In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy his parachute at a high altitude, 10–15 seconds later after the jump (typically at 27,000 feet or so). The jumper will use a compass to guide himself while flying for 30 or more miles. The jumper will use way points and terrain features to navigate to his desired landing zone, and along the way, he must correct his course for changes in wind speed and direction; making for a tricky navigation problem. [6] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

Team jump

The HAHO technique is also used for delivering military teams. The team will jump from the aircraft and form up in a stack while flying in the air with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for his other team members. [7] (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)

List of HALO/HAHO capable military units

• Delta Force
• U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets)
• U.S. Navy SEALs
• U.S. Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
• U.S. Army Rangers (Ranger Regimental Recon Detachment)
• U.S. Air Force PJ's

Related topics

• Airborne forces
• Free-fall
• Parachute
• SEAL Team SIX
• Special forces
• U.S. Navy SEALs
• U.S. special forces

External links

Books / Online Courses

• US Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Fundamentals of Airborne Operations (https://hosta.atsc.eustis.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/accp/in0758/in0758_top.htm). Edition B. US Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America.

Former HALO/HAHO paratroopers sites

• NavySEALs.com: Air Operations - HALO/HAHO (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html)
• SpecialOperations.com: HALO/HAHO Specialty (http://www.specialoperations.com/Specialties/halo.html)

Official military sites

• Military Free Fall School at John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/jfksws-mffs.htm)

References

Expert advises

1. Divine, Mark (2004). Navy SEALs Air Operations - Free Fall: HALO/HAHO (http://www.navyseals.com/equip/air.html) (used with permission). US Navy SEAL 1989 to present. Founder of NavySEALs.com (http://www.navyseals.com).

Images

1. Allen, Jeffrey (July 1997). High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) jump at McChord AFB (http://www.af.mil/photos/Nov1998/981130para.html). US Air Force. United States of America.
2. Gempis, Val (July 1997). A Bad Altitude (http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0797/hamm.htm). Airman. US Air Force. United States of America.
3. Black, Mike. HALO jump over Yuma Proving Ground, AZ (http://www.specialoperations.com/Specialties/halo.html). US Marine Corps. United States of America.

Works / Documents / Articles

1. US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms (http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/). US Department of Defense. United States of America.
2. US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations (http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/). US Department of Defense. United States of America.
3. McKenna, Pat (July 1997). A Bad Altitude (http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0797/hamm.htm). Airman. US Air Force. United States of America.
4. US Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Lesson 3: Airlift Requests and Personnel Used in Airborne (https://hosta.atsc.eustis.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/accp/in0758/lsn3.htm). Fundamentals of Airborne Operations, Edition B. US Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America.

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