From TheBestLinks.com
Soviet poster of the 1920s: The GPU strikes on the head the couter-revolutionary saboteur
GPU stood for either Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie, State Political Directorate, or Glavnoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie, Main Political Directorate. The FSB website gives the former[1] (http://www.fsb.ru/history/organi.html#гпу).
It was the name of the political police in the USSR in one of the stages of its development. The GPU was formed from the Cheka in 1922. Already in 1923, it was transformed into the OGPU with the formation of the USSR. It later evolved into the NKVD and KGB.
The organization and responsibility of the GPU was similar to Nazi Germany's Gestapo.
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