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Erik H. Erikson)
Erik H. Erikson (June 15, 1902 - May 12, 1994) was a developmental psychologist known for his theory on social development of human beings, and for coining the phrase 'identity crisis'.
Theory of psychosocial development
The theory describes eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
(Approx. ages)
Stage |
Psychosocial crisis |
Significant relations |
Psychosocial modalities |
Psychosocial virtues |
Maladaptations & malignancies |
(0-1)
Infant |
trust vs mistrust |
mother |
to get,
to give in return |
hope,
faith |
sensory distortion
withdrawal |
(2-3)
Toddler |
autonomy vs shame and doubt |
parents |
to hold on,
to let go |
will,
determination |
impulsivity
compulsion |
(3-6)
Preschooler |
initiative vs guilt |
family |
to go after,
to play |
purpose,
courage |
ruthlessness
inhibition |
(7-12)
School-age child |
industry vs inferiority |
neighborhood and school |
to complete,
to make things together |
competence |
narrow virtuosity
inertia |
(12-18)
Adolescent |
ego-identity vs role-confusion |
peer groups, role models |
to be oneself,
to share oneself |
fidelity,
loyalty |
fanaticism
repudiation |
(20-45)
Young adult |
intimacy vs isolation |
partners, friends |
to lose and find oneself in a
another |
love |
promiscuity
exclusivity |
(30-65)
Middle aged adult |
generativity vs self-absorption |
household,
co-workers |
to make be,
to take care of |
care |
overextension
rejectivity |
(50+)
Old adult |
integrity vs despair |
mankind or “my kind” |
to be,
through having been, to face not being |
wisdom |
presumption
despair |
Bibliography
Major works:
- Childhood and Society (1950)
- Young Man Luther. A study in Psychoanalysis and History (1958)
- Gandhi's Truth: On the Origin of Militant Nonviolence (1969)
- Adulthood (Edited book, 1978)
- Vital Involvement in Old Age (with J.M. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)
- The Life Cycle Completed (with J.M. Erikson, 1997)
Collections:
- Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers (1959)
- A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers 1930-1980 (Editor: S.P. Schlien, 1995)
- The Erik Erikson Reader (Editor: Robert Coles, 2001)
Related works:
- Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson (Lawrence J. Freidman and Robert Coles, 1999)
- Erik Erikson, His Life, Work, and Significance (Kit Welchman, 2000)
See also
af:Erik Erikson
he:אריק אריקסון
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