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Abandonware is computer software which is no longer being sold or supported by its copyright holder. Alternately, the term is also used for software which is still available, but on which further support and development has been deliberately discontinued.
Popular abandonware
The most common abandonware is old video games, either computer games or older video game console or arcade games that are played through emulation. Many people think that various older games are more fun than newer games (hence old school gamers), in part because their designers had to concentrate on game play features other than graphics, so these games have gained a second life by being distributed through the Internet. Old school gamers are responsible for the popularity of console emulation. An abandonware fan is a video game player who thinks that video games that are no longer on the market are more fun than video games that are still on the market.
Enforcement of copyright
Abandonware's copyright is frequently no longer defended. This can be due to intentional non-enforcement by its owners due to the software's age or obsolescence, but sometimes because the corporate copyright holder went out of business without transferring ownership, leaving no one to defend the copyright. (Copyrights owned by a natural person who dies become the property of the person's estate.)
Abandonware proponents argue that such software is more ethical to make copies of than new software that still sells. Some who are ignorant of copyright law have incorrectly taken this to mean that abandonware is legal to distribute; no software is old enough for its copyrights to have expired, and even in cases where the original company no longer exists, the rights still belong to someone.
Transfer of this software is still technically unlawful in most jurisdictions (except in cases of owner dissolution) as the copyright is still in effect.
Abandonware changes hands based on the presumption that the time and money that a copyright holder would have to spend enforcing the copyright is greater than any money the holder would earn selling software licenses. Often the availability of abandonware on the Internet is related to the willingness of copyright holders to defend their copyrights. For example, unencumbered emulators and games for Colecovision are markedly easier to find on the Internet than unencumbered emulators and games for Mattel Intellivision in large part because there is still a company that makes money by selling Intellivision games while no such company exists for the Colecovision.
Companies do sometimes voluntarily relinquish copyright on software, putting it into the public domain, or even releasing it as free software; id Software is notable as an early proponent of this practice. Transfer of public domain or free software is perfectly legal, distinguishing it from abandonware. However, relinquishing copyright is uncommon — the copyright ownership of all portions is often unclear, creating difficulties in open-sourcing, and there is rarely an economic incentive to do so.
Old copyrights that are still of value
A common misconception is that "abandonware" is synonymous with "old warez", that is, any software older than a certain threshold (a common one being five years). This is not always the case, as some software companies (like Apogee) still offer many of their older titles for sale and actively pursue those who illegally offer them. Atari 2600 games are commonly distributed on the Internet based on the presumption that no one would buy a primitive Atari game. However, mobile phone manufacturers have bought the rights to use these games, which play quite nicely on newer programmable mobile phones.
Some publishers argue that all abandonware distribution is harmful, whether it is still possible to buy the game or not. The reasoning is that because of the success companies like Nintendo and Activision have had in releasing old games for newer platforms like the Gamecube and the Playstation 2, all abandonware has potential value, and that distributing it free on the internet decreases the profits to be had from a legal rerelease.
Major software places in the public domain
Games
The following games have been placed in the public domain by their copyright holders for various reasons, most notably as publicity for a forthcoming sequal or compilation release.
- Beneath a Steel Sky (1994) by Revolution Software
- Betrayal at Krondor (1993) by Sierra On-Line, freeware release in 1997.
- Caesar (1991) by Impressions, later re-released by Sierra On-Line
- Elite (1984) by Acornsoft, freeware release in 1999 courtesy of game developer Ian Bell (Get it here (http://www.iancgbell.clara.net/elite/pc/index.htm)).
- Elite + by Acornsoft, freeware release in 1999 courtesy of game developer Ian Bell (Get it here (http://www.iancgbell.clara.net/elite/pc/index.htm)).
- Grand Theft Auto (1997) by Rockstar Games, freeware release in 2002 as publicity for the release of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (Get it here (http://www.rockstargames.com/classics/gta.htm)).
- Red Baron (1990), by Dynamix/Sierra On-Line
- Starsiege: Tribes (1998), by Dynamix/Sierra On-Line, freeware release in 2004 as publicity for the release of Tribes: Vengeance (Tribes 3).
- Tribes 2 (2001), by Dynamix/Sierra On-Line, freeware release in 2004 as publicity for the release of Tribes: Vengeance (Tribes 3).
- Ultima 0 / Alkabeth (1979) by Lord British. See also the Ultima series.
- Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar (1985) by Lord British. See also the Ultima series.
- Zork I (1980), by Infocom, (Get it here (http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/))
- Zork II (1981), by Infocom, (Get it here (http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/))
- Zork III (1982), by Infocom, (Get it here (http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/))
- Zork: The Undiscovered Underground (1997), by Infocom, straight-to-freeware release in 1997 as publicity for the release of Zork: Grand Inquisitor (Get it here (http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/)).
See also
External links
de:Abandonware fr:Abandonware sv:Abandonware
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